This is an extensive study of the conditions that allow or impede reductionism. After an overview of the different anti-reductionist conditions in approaches like holism, downward causation, emergence ...

Evolution has conserved “economic” systems that perform many functions, faster or better, with less. For example, three to five leukocyte types protect from thousands of pathogens. To achieve so much ...

Can science and art find common ground? Are scientific and artistic quests mutually exclusive? In this new book, neuroscientist Eric Kandel, whose interests span the fields of science and art, ...

Reductionism breaks the world into elementary building blocks. Emergence finds the simple laws that arise out of complexity. These two complementary ways of viewing the universe come together in ...

One of the primary arguments of critical psychiatry has arguably been a staunch rejection of ‘reductionist’ understandings of mental illness and the assertion that the ‘brain disease’ model leaves no ...