Abstract: In this chapter, the authors discuss some practical examples that are described in Cartesian or rectangular coordinates. These examples include laminations, bus bars, plates, and solid ...

Abstract: This paper presents a new state estimation method based on the equivalent current measurement model and rectangular coordinate state variables. The bus voltage phasors in rectangular form ...

Express the polar equation \(r=\cos 2\theta\) in rectangular coordinates. Find the maximum height above the \(x\)-axis of the cardioid \(r=1+\cos \theta\text{.}\) Sketch the graph of the curve whose ...

Express the polar equation \(r=\cos 2\theta\) in rectangular coordinates.