Optical vector analysis has emerged as a critical tool for characterising optical devices, enabling simultaneous measurement of amplitude and phase responses over wide bandwidths. This technique is ...

Radio frequency (RF) refers to the part of the electromagnetic spectrum where electromagnetic waves can be generated by alternating current fed to an antenna. It spans from around 3 kHz to 300 GHz. RF ...

Over the past decades, engineers have introduced numerous technologies that rely on light and its underlying characteristics. These include photonic and quantum systems that could advance imaging, ...

Transmitter testing methods prior to TDECQ. Why TDECQ has overtaken TDP in PAM4 transmitter testing. Steps in the TDECQ measurement process. Using sampling oscilloscopes with built-in TDECQ.

NHK has been studying a multi-level coded modulation scheme for expanding satellite transmission capacity. It can bring out the transmission performance of multi ...