A long-standing debate in neuroscience is whether classical and operant conditioning are mechanistically similar or distinct. The feeding behavior of Aplysia provides a model system suitable for ...

Classical conditioning was first discovered by Russian physiologist Ivan Pavlov in the early 1900s. Pavlov wasn’t initially studying learning at all – he was researching digestion in dogs (a line of ...

Operant conditioning is the process of shaping behaviors using positive reinforcement, negative reinforcement, or punishment. Reinforcement increases the likelihood that a behavior will be repeated, ...

Head-fixed behavioral experiments in rodents permit unparalleled experimental control, precise measurement of behavior, and concurrent modulation and measurement of neural activity. Here, we present ...

1 Department of Biology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA 2 A. James Clark School of Engineering, Institute for Systems Research, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA Recent ...