With the rapid sequencing of many related genomes, comparative sequence analysis has emerged as one of the most important areas of computational biology. The fundamental tool of comparative sequence ...

Multiple sequence alignment (MSA) is a cornerstone of computational biology, facilitating the exploration of functional, structural and evolutionary relationships among biological sequences.

In bioinformatics, multiple sequence alignment (MSA) is an NP-hard problem. Nature-inspired approaches can provide an approximate solution compared to conventional approaches. In this article, the MSA ...