MS is a form of chemical analysis used to measure the mass-to-charge ratio (m/z) of atoms and/or molecules in a sample. It is also capable of distinguishing between different isotopes of the same ...

In this article, we take a look at the fundamentals of mass spectrometry, how it works, variations that can be used at each stage of the process and how they can be combined to suit different sample ...

This is how the IR spectrometer works: The photodetector, fabricated on top of a surface optical waveguide, consists of a bottom gold electrode at the bottom functioning as a scattering center, a ...