A robust method is proposed for estimating discrete probability functions for small samples. The proposed approach introduces and minimizes a parameterized objective function that is analogous to free ...

The COS method was introduced in Fang & Oosterlee (2008) and then was applied to pricing a variety of stock options for continuous random variables. This paper adapts the Fourier-cosine series (COS) ...

Continuous Variable: can take on any value between two specified values. Obtained by measuring. Covariance: a measure of the direction of the linear relationship between two variables. Discrete ...

One confusing question over a long period of time is how transfer the discrete function transfers into continuous function. Recently the issue has been resolved but some details of the transformation ...

So far we have looked at discrete random variables and how to calculate/visualize their distribution functions. In this lesson, we shall deal with continuous variables and probability density function ...

Probability distribution is an essential concept in statistics, helping us understand the likelihood of different outcomes in a random experiment. Whether you’re a student, researcher, or professional ...