jech.bmj

History of the modern epidemiological concept of confounding

The epidemiological concept of confounding has had a convoluted history. It was first expressed as an issue of group non-comparability, later as an uncontrolled fallacy, then as a controllable fallacy ...
BMJ

SP0027 Confounding - Friend or Foe? How To Handle?

Confounding is a major issue in observational studies, and it is a bias that needs to be corrected, controlled or adjusted for whatever your research question is. In this lecture we will review the ...
Frontiers

The Predictive Value of Children's Understanding of Indeterminacy and Confounding for Later Mastery of the Control-of-Variables Strategy

Traditionally, educational and developmental researchers considered the experimentation skills of elementary school children to be deficient (Inhelder and Piaget, 1958; Klahr et al., 1993). The ...
Frontiers

Confounding and Statistical Significance of Indirect Effects: Childhood Adversity, Education, Smoking, and Anxious and Depressive Symptomatology

Health Services Research Unit, Department of Community Medicine, University of Tromsø, Tromsø, Norway Often a mediator-response confounder goes unmeasured; when this happens one basically has to ...
Nature

Association of symptoms of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder with childhood overweight adjusted for confounding parental variables

There have been numerous reports on association between attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and overweight/obesity in children and adolescents; however ...