A long-standing debate in neuroscience is whether classical and operant conditioning are mechanistically similar or distinct. The feeding behavior of Aplysia provides a model system suitable for ...

Classical conditioning is a type of unconscious learning. It occurs when a person or animal experiences an automatic response whenever they encounter a specific stimulus. Simply put, it is learning ...

This important study shows that distinct midbrain dopaminergic axons in the medial prefrontal cortex respond to aversive and rewarding stimuli and suggest that they are biased toward aversive ...