Database systems are the backbone of contemporary data-driven applications, underpinning industries ranging from finance to scientific research. As data volumes surge and complexity increases, robust ...

Community driven content discussing all aspects of software development from DevOps to design patterns. The SQL specification defines four transaction isolation levels, although a fifth transaction ...

In Exchange Server, transaction logs act as a buffer storage between the user, memory, and database. Transaction logs are generated constantly and purged after a successful backup of the database. If ...

Relational calculus. Query processing and optimization. Transaction processing: failure, recovery, and concurrency. Database security. Logic-based systems. Parallel ...